Pharmacy Discount Meds

Uganda Ministry Health began to develop the medical male policy of the cutting for prevention HIV, New messages Vision/AllAfrica.com. “Estimation of the possibility device health to realize the policy is organized,” Sam Zaramba, general director of the services of health, said. He has also said that policy “will not be one strategy of the stand” but a part to strategies of the prevention of the country HIV, which emphasize temperance, use the condom and accuracy Bugembe, New Vision/AllAfrica.com.

HIV/BIG Calling the FACILITIES in Army Ugandca, President Communicates
In bound news, Uganda President Yoweri Museveni in Tuesday has said that HIV/FACILITY is a most significant call met army of the country, messages New Vision/All Africa.com. Museveni Urged the soldier on military preparing the school Kaweweta in Nakaseke to live responsibly with standpoint HIV/preventions of the FACILITIES and cares. “If You die or get sick from FACILITIES, You allow downwards,” he has said, adding these more soldier has died from bounded reasons of the FACILITIES than in fight Kiwanuka, New Vision/AllAfrica.com.

BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: BPAX), PHARMACEUTICAL company to professions was focused in product development for feminine sexual health, menopause, contraceptions, and male hypogonadism, commented today in new publication, reporting on efficiency on processing the Feminine Sexual Dysfunction (FSD), specifically hypoactive sexual disorder of the desire (HSDD) in menopausal woman. On paper named, “Testosteron for Low-level Libido in Woman Postmenopausal Not Taking Estrogen,” authors indicate that therapy provides modest but significant advantage in processing HSDD in postmenopausal woman and that as it is reported in preceding blind study, 85 percents of that womans, reporting that profit wants to continue the processing. The Authors also indicate that, “Additional given - it is necessary to value long-term safety in woman with estrogen depletion.” The Paper came up for November 6, 2008, issue New England Journal Medicine.

BioSante CURRENTLY has two clinical tests Phase III in progress covered MIN. (the Special Estimation of the Protocol) with to demonstrate safety and efficiency LibiGel (the gel on processing HSDD. In addition to two LibiGel Phase III safe and test to efficiency, BioSante enrolls the woman in Phase III cardiovascular and study breast cancer safe LibiGel. In accordance with written consents with And this safe analysis will serve as bases to safety both for surgical and naturally menopausal womans. The Safe analysis is mixed, double-blind, operated much-centre, event operated by study between 2,400 and 3,100 womans subjected to LibiGel or during twelve months. At the end twelve months, BioSante is intended present New Exhibit a Medicine LibiGel (NDA) for review and possible approval. BioSante will REMAIN to follow the woman enrolled in safety to prepare to additional year after subservience NDA and possible approval LibiGel.

BioSante KEEPS two RESORTS with mineral water for LibiGel for processing FSD; for “surgical” and for “naturally” menopausal womans. “RESORTS with mineral water BioSante’s confirm the position that FSD and HSDD - diagnosable condition of the truth that women(woman) feel, with measured endpoints, which can be evaluated and, which deserves the therapeutic options. Comparatively LibiGel specifically, we are made happy that RESORTS with mineral water confirm that our clinical experienced project, endpoints, sample size, scheduled behaviour and statistical analysis acceptable to support the plenipotentiary approval,” said Stephen M. Simes, president BioSante’s & GL.UPR.DELAMI. “Us have clear determined, reasonable and feasible way of the development LibiGel, which can conduct to approval LibiGel to provide the potential profit for broad population menopausal womans.”

“No pharmaceutical product is approved for processing FSD or HSDD in USA. LibiGel IF it is approved by And was addressed truly unserved medical need. BioSante TODAY - a single company actively in product development for processing FSD in menopausal woman and - a single company, which entered the long-term safe analysis to define safety on this instruction. BioSante is ACCEPTED obligation about development LibiGel, what finally could be a pharmaceutical product of the first prescription approved by And for this processing in USA.” Though Proctor & Gamble have conducted several clinical trials of its patch Intrinsa, P & G did not enter the long-term safe analysis which is a critical requirement And for possible approval of the product for processing FSD.

As is it previously declared BioSante, processing with LibiGel in clinical test the Phase II vastly raised satisfying sexual events in surgical menopausal woman, sufferring from FSD. The Experienced results of the Phase II shown LibiGel vastly raised amount satisfactory sexual event 238 percents against baseline (p<0.0001); this increase also was significant against (p<0.05). In this analysis, the efficient dose LibiGel produced the blood is justified within normal for pre-menopausal womans and had a safe profile similar to which existed in group Besides, no serious disadvantage events and no cessation because of disadvantage event did not occur on any subject, getting LibiGel. Clinical test the Phase II was double-blind, operated by test called on in United Staff, in surgical menopausal woman worried their low sexual desire and activity.

About LibiGel

LibiGel - a wording helium designed, which it is necessary be quickly absorbed through skin after application measured pea dose gel on upper lever (the hand), delivering in bloodstream evenly time and in non-invasive and painless way. All- usually characterized as male hormone, also is present in woman and defect turns out to be reduces libido or sexual of the drive. Besides, studies have shown that therapy can enlarge bone density, raise the energy level and perfect the mood, in addition to raised sexual desire and activity.

According to analysis published in Journal of the American Medical Assotiation, 43 percents of the American womans (beside 40 million) feel certain degree to spoiled sexual function. Amongst more, than 1,400 womans 32 percents lacked interest in sex and 26 percents could not feel orgasm. According to given IMS, 2.0 millionth prescriptions were recorded-label for womans physician USA in 2007. The Majority of the womans with FSD - postmenopausal, feelling FSD because of hormonal change, the following for menopause, independently natural or surgical.

About BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

BioSante - a pharmaceutical company to professions focused in product development for feminine sexual health, menopause, contraceptions and male hypogonadism. THE LEADEN products BioSante's include LibiGel (transdermal gel in clinical development Phase III BioSante under USA. Food and Administration Medicine And MIN.VOD (the Special Estimation of the Protocol) for processing the feminine sexual dysfunction (FSD), and estradiol helium). The External reference" target="_blank">Elestrin (estradiol gel) designed through approval And BioSante, specified for processing moderate-serious vasomotor bound menopause, currently marketed in USA. Also in development, - Bio-T-Gel , gel for male hypogonadism, and spoken contraceptive in clinical development Phase II, used BioSante patented technology. The Current market in USA for estrogen and products - aproximately $2.5 and for spoken contraceptive aproximately $3 The Company also develops its calcium technology of the phosphate (CaP) for new vaccines, supply medicine and aesthetic medicine (BioLook ). Additional information - available online in: http://www.biosantepharma.com.

This version of the news contains forward to look statement within importance of the Reform of the Suit Quotient Actions of the Securities from 1995. Statement comparatively BioSante contents in these news release that not history in nature, particularly that which use the terminology such as, “will,” “potential”, “could,” “can,” “expects,” “continue,” “plans,” “expects” or terminology, - forward to look statement. The Examples are forward to look statement in this versions of the news include statement comparatively expected synchronizing to initiations of the clinical test and subservience of plenipotentiary applications. Forward to look statement are founded in the current waiting and suggestions and are attracted for itself different risk and uncertainty, which could force the results to differ vastly from that expressed in such forward to look statement. The Important factors heard on BioSante, which could force the results to differ vastly from that expressed in such forward to look statement to include the difficulty of the development of the pharmaceutical products, getting plenipotentiary and the other approvals and market acceptance to reach, success of the clinical test, and the other factors identified and were discussed now and then in sawdust BioSante’s with Commission of the Securities And exchange, including that factors was discussed in BioSante’s the most last report in the Form 10-K and the following quarterly reportings about the Form 10-Q, what debates are also included above by reference. All are forward to look statement speaks according to date of this versions of the news only. BioSante does NOT R the obligation to correct or check any forward to look statement, as a result of new information independently, future event or otherwise.

For the first time in Europe, analysis is conducted amongst mans to gain information on fit and be felt the condom. The American Centre for Sexual Advancement of Health of the University Indiana, urges the mans to participate on this examination and answer the questions about their experience, used condoms.

The Analysis is supported Condomerie, world?s first specialized by shop of the condom, in Amsterdam. On its website http://www.condomerie.com/fitfeel men from all over Europe terminate the short examination, anonymously and in its own language, about their use the condom. For instance independently condom - good, too small or too much, about failure of the condom or comes off he during or after the sex. The Results of the analysis can be used for perfecting condom. “Participating in these man of the analysis can help developping excellent fit and feel the condom in the future,” van Theodoor Boven conditions Condomerie.

The Researcher Professor Michael Reece Centre for Sexual Advancement of Health - an expert in his(its) area of the study. Earlier, he has conducted the analysis amongst vapour(pair) in America. In condom USA in the other size, the general. In Europe, which - hardly in such event. ” Much it is difficult must buy excellent to install and feel the condom here,” Van Boven communicates.

According to he, this analysis can enter the new directions in development of the condom and production and at the same time help the safe sexual to formation. The Men to be rejected(deviate) to use the condoms more often if complaints about failure of the condom are reduced.

The Professor Reece conducts his(its) analysis in cooperation with radius of the action health-related organizations to collect as much information from European mans for their use condom as far as possible, sexual pills viagra behaviour, and particularly their estimations on - and this completely new - a Condom Reece’s Installs and Feels the Scale.

” Fit and feels the questions that message of the mans can be amongst that which assists their probability of the use, or not use, condoms consecutively and it is correct. The Best understanding of these factors is of advantage both for manufacturers of the condom and sexual professional of health, which spread the general purposes increasing consequent and correct use the condom and reduction to incidence HIV and other IIT,” Reece communicates.

In spite of study, showing that cutting can reduce the risk of the person HIV during heterosexual intercourse, analysis published In ambience in Journal of the American Medical Assotiation found that procedure offers small protection against virus for mans, who has a sex with man, AFP/Yahoo! The Messages of the News. According to analysis, was a minimum difference in infection HIV meantime MSM, which was and that, which were not (AFP/Yahoo! The News, 10/7).

For analysis, the researchers in CDC, were winnowed Gregorio Millett, examined 15 preceding studies in cutting that included 53,567 MSM from Australia, Big Great britain, Canada, India, Netherlands, Peru, Taiwan and USA. MSM Were 14% less probably to be HIV-positive than that, which were no, factor, which was not statistical ordinary Cialis significant, according to researcher. Millett has Said, addition “You can not without fall talk with confidence that we see the effect of the truth there,”, “Kombenizon, we do not find the defensive effect bound by cutting” for MSM (Dunham, Reuter, 10/7).

However, at examination of the studies executed before entering very active antiretroviral therapy in 1996, researchers found the acknowledgement that cutting in past had a defensive effect for MSM, messages of the News BBC. The Researchers said one explanation for shortened efficiency of the cutting amongst MSM, the following for introduction HAART - in that that efficiency medicine reduced need to practise the sex of protection to avoid to shorten HIV. Besides, analysis noted that HAART could help to reduce the risk of the issue HIV to level, which cutting does not provide to promote the advantage. The Researchers have also said that there possible was a smaller proportion of the mans in pre-test HAART, which concerned with originally in receptive anal sex, which carries the greatest risk HIV amongst MSM (the News BBC, 10/7).

CDC’s Peter Kilmarx, which was not enclosed in analysis, reported that agency is installed to release the draft formal recommendation on cutting early next year. Though Millett said that cutting can be not recommended as strategy for prevention HIV amongst MSM in USA, he has added that there is signs procedure could protect determined MSM depending on sexual methods. For instance, Millett has said that studies in Australia and Peru has shown that men, which concerned with in insertive anal sex only and were not penetrated male sexual partner practised greater level of protection from cutting (Reuter, 10/7). However, Millett has said, “Even though we find that insertive men are protected that could be such small proportion, which we will not want to get the effect in general population, which we must love. As this cost(stand)s now, cutting - hardly to have same type of the profit [in USA], which it is scheduled to have in Africa” (Lauerman, Bloomberg, 10/7).

According to author, more study could be it is necessary to define the amount of protection by provided cutting for insertive MSM (AFP/Yahoo! The News, 10/7). The Millet “These studies were not intended to answer this question in general, and possible that they too varied to show the effect,” has said, adding, ” idea makes sense, but there simply - not it is enough given there straight away to show there is profit” (Bloomberg, 10/7). In bound editorial also published in JAMA, group equal reviewer from University Vanderbilt wrote, which “cutting must probably be it is not enough efficient to be everywhere efficient in reduction HIV and must be united by other modality of the prevention to have reliable and firm effect of the prevention”

The Young girls from poor vicinities it is necessary to examine more, than birds and - with their parent - him it is necessary be heard about contraceptions and potential danger hanging with more old boy.

The New analysis researcher from de Montreal Universite, University New Brunswick and University Bunch, published in Development Child journal, has found that girls, in poor vicinity were more probably to concern with sexual intercourse in early adolescence and to do so with more old boy.

“Young girls who alive in unbeneficial vicinity - more probably to enter the sex at the beginning initially age, particularly that young women(woman)s with problem of the behaviour,” said leaden author, Veronique Dupere, now send-doctoral lad in University Bunch, which terminated the study in de Montreal Universite. ” Results remind that regions formed the equal groups, what in turn affects when girls become sexual active.”

Dupere Also found that of the girl from poor region with historian of the problems of the behaviour were more probably to unite with abnormal peer and, which it is necessary be entered in sex male, which were three years more old or more. It appears that “Girls with historian of the problems of the behaviour will more probably to have abnormal and more old male friends when they lived for a while in unbeneficial context,” said Dupere. “Abnormal peers is thought to provide the pool voluntary partner and cultivated importance, which early sexual activity desirable.”

Broad sample years

For this analysis, the research group used under-sample boy and girl with National Longitudal Examination Detey and Youth. In the general difficulty 2,596 Canadian teenagers were from age 12 before 15 and one-fourth these participant turns out to be lives in poor region. In addition to aproximately and equal feature, household features were also considered, including economic background and household structure.

The Large majority analysis participant were White. “Amongst this groups, it appears that equal features will present the critical factor for explanation why risk, in unbeneficial region - more probably to enter the sex early,” said that Eric Lacourse, senior author of the analysis, de Montreal professor to sociologies Universite and researcher in Research group in maladjustment in Ste. The Hospital Justine. “During adolescence, peers render the significant influence upon the other aspects of the juvenile behaviour and our results of the analysis show that sexuality is not no exception.”

V-devushkah risk vulnerable; boys simple

For this analysis, the problems of the behaviour were itself- registered in the last childhood or when participants were 10 or 11 years. V-povedenii risk included physical aggression (eg. intimidating, fight with, beat), destructive trends (eg. vandalism, seizure) and breach of the rules (eg. run away, walking whole night). It Is Considered that Subjects have a problems of the behaviour if they concerned with three risk by one year. The Sample, 13 percents are considered that have a problems of the behaviour.

live In unbeneficial region - amongst boy - directly was not bound synchronizing to sexual initiation. “Notwithstanding girl for which peers were primary importance, household and the individual risk turned out to be more influential on synchronizing boy their first sexual experience,” said Dupere.

Study useful for sexual

The Determination when and why young girls become sexual active, said Dupere, important in to prospect. “Other studies show that early initiators - more probably to shorten sexual sent disease, be subjected to undesirable pregnancy and to report that undeliberate sexual experience,” she has said.

“Identifying young teenager, which - particularly this analysis provides valuable understanding for future measures interference,” added Dupere. ” To increase efficiency, program of the prevention it is necessary to take the greater public context on count and enclose the special efforts to enroll the vulnerable young teenager.”

About analysis

“Aproximately Poverty and Early Transition in Sexual Activity in Young Teenager: Experienced Ecological Method,” published in Development Child journal, Veronique Dupere, Eric Lacourse and Richard E. Tremblay Research group in of maladjustment in Universite de Montreal, J. Douglas Willms University New Brunswick and Tama Leventhal University Bunch.

Partners in study

Veronique Dupere, the First author of this analysis, was supported Public Science and Mankind Researches the Advice of the Canada (SSHRC) to erudition (the scholarship).

Sexual health and charity HIV Terrence Higgins Believe (THT), invites the young people old 13-19 to apply for gratis to find progressive and creative ideas to be going to to train their friends about relationship and sex. The Closing date for exhibits - Monday 27-y October.

THT OFFERS the subsidies up to ?1000 as a part of its Young project Leader - a peer the sexual and formation relations (SRE) of the project for young people through England. The Project, which Big Fund of the Raffles, - a preventative answer to intensifying factors HIV and other sexual sent infection (IIT) amongst young people.

Since start Young Leader is Planned in 2007, THT supported 70 groups of the young people to be developed, develop and start their own own sexual and projects of the formation relationship. We have already rewarded ?60,000 to help the young people to do this.

The Sexual and formation relationship (heard as SRE) projects can include any or all following questions:

- Sexual sent infections (IIT)
- Your right in respect of
- A Contraception
- Sexuality
- A Sex of Protection and taking the risk
- An Influence of the carrier on sex and relationship
- Controlling emotional relationship
- HIV INFECTION

Gareth Davies, Young PROJECT MANAGER Leader, in Trust Terrence Higgins has said: “If we love your idea THT give You money to do this happens. All You it is necessary to do, - be going to with your club of the youth, schools or the other organizations to develop your idea and do exhibit in your local LOCAL COUNCIL Young Leader. ”

Gareth Adds: “If You go in our site which You will find more to information on how to apply for gratis. For more inspirations there is also information on project we already This will give You idea of the type project, which was a success while.”

In more detail in visit Subsidy Young Leader:

Notes

- Trust Terrence Higgins - a presenting UK HIV and sexual charity of health, providing greater variety of the services through England, Wales and Scotland. Also campaigns to charities and lobby for greater political and public understanding personal, public and medical influence HIV and sexual health.

- Trust Terrence Higgins was ?1,485,621 Big Funds to Raffles to install ‘Young Leader, sexual and formation relationship (SRE) of the project for young people through England. Three year projects were started in April and moved completely young people included.

- A Big Fund to Raffles is a joint, servicing name of the New Fund of the Possibilities and Charge to Charities to National Raffle (which was made subsidies under name of the Public Fund). The Big Fund to Raffles, uncared-for 1 June 2004, spreads the half of the whole good reason to National Raffle, financing through VELIKOBR..

In Springtime 2006, when three lacrosses of the University White player Duke were charged to force the Black feminine student from Central University of the nearby North Carolina, representatives of the University of the Duke crisis with standpoint installed to reputations rather then force the issue then and there.

In new analysis published on Relationship of the journal, Cultures & Critics, Barbara Barnett messages Kansas University about her(its) qualitative text analysis public material relations published by Duke with March 24, 2006 on June 18, 2007.

Considering examination of the accent and importances, analysis Barnett’s found that University carefully crafted answer to statements be forced, present itself as voice of the reason in emotional charged to atmosphere, and as victim of the accuser of the crook, whose event was entrusted in rumour rather then hard acknowledgement. In the event of, which included the statements to force, was strangely small debate in issue to force itself.

The University of the Duke proven the connoisseur in talk about its own image and wholeness, but aggrieved failure to address the greater questions in event, including sexual objectification womans, risk of the sexual violence in university campuses, and perception to privileges in university athletics USA.

“At the end, expenses against athlete of the Duke excluded not to be a truth if not nearly nine months, Duke of the veins by statements, which three student athletes could student in nearby university. The Duke was focused in its own reputation but lost opportunity to speak of greater issue to force” notes Barnett. “Sexual violence - a serious material, and organizations, which turn out to be to confront such expenses, even expenses they suspect, can not be a truth, it is necessary to speak clear and powerfully in issue to force itself.”

This analysis is published in June 2008 issues Relationship, Cultures & Critics.

Barbara Barnett is Joined Kansas University.

The Relationship, Culture & Critiques (CCC) - an International Relationship Assotiation (ICA) the most last publication and the first new journal to arise out of Assotiation during more, than decennial events. CCC will PROVIDE the international forum for critical interpretive, and qualitative study, studying role relationship and cultural critics in present-day world.

Lynn Lawry, MD, MSPH, PR., director of the study and formation with Dressed in uniform by University of the Services of Health Science Centre (USU) for Disaster and Humanitarian Medicine Help (CDHAM), - a senior author manuscript named, Assotiation Between Status of the Combatant and Sexual Violence and Health and Mental Health in Liberia Post-Conflict.” The Article will is published in Avg.. 13 issues of the Journal to American Medical Assotiation (JAMA).

The Article identifies the reference between status of the combatant and sexual violence, psychological trauma, and the general health in Liberia of the post-conflict.

“This analysis important since he brings attention to determined vulnerable group, which currently underserved, specifically ex-combatants who creation 30 percents 3.2 million of people,” said Dr. Lawry. “We hope that these information will are used to help the Ministry Liberian Health in writing their mental policy of health.”

Dr. Lawry and group of the researchers examined the population 1,666 adult old 18 or more old three week periods during May 2008. The Researchers used cross-sectional, population, multistage examination to study the mental predictors of health including Main Disorder Depressive (MDD), Send-traumatic Disorder of the Voltage (PTSD), public operation, opening in sexual violence, and health and mental it is necessary in population of the combatant Liberian.

According to information, over 40% household population Liberian shown the criteria of the sign for MDD and 44% shown PTSD. From the third populations that served time as combatant, one third adult male practised sexual violence in contrast with 7.4% mans who did not service in fight with power.

Since general category, 57% combatant of the demonstrated feature PTSD in contrast with 37% not-combatant. The Analysis also shown that male former combatants who did not feel the sexual violence (46%), were nearly half as probably to demonstrate PTSD as if this did not feel the sexual violence (81%).

The Analysis also considered the role of the sort, solving that male combatants, which reported that sexual violence had a bad mental results of health than females with registered sexual violence.

Located on the grounds of National Sea Medical Centre Bethesda’s and through from National Institute of Health, USU - a federal school of the country medicine and graduate schools of the nursing. The University trains the professional of the public health denoted in service quarries in Division of Protection and USA. ZDRAVOOHRANENYAYA Service. The Students are active-dressed in uniform by executives to duties in Armies, Navies, AIR FORCES and ZDRAVOOHRANENEY Service, which are trained to be a deal with damage of the wartime, national disasters, appearing infectious disease, and the other public health to emergencies. The University more, than 4,000 alumnuses of the physician, extensive majority are serviced in active duty and support the action in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, offerring their managament and expert operation.

The Present-day decision Medicine and Plenipotentiary Agency of the products Healthcare (MHRA) to approve azithromycin for processing chlamydia infections will mean suitable and efficient be interested patient, reported the Royal Pharmaceutical Society to Big Great britain (RPSGB). Azithromycin, Currently licensed as prescription-only medicine, is expected that will be available to selling from drugstores without prescription later this year.

Azithromycin - a first spoken antibiotic, which it is necessary be approved for This will be available to people 16 years and on if they have tested positive for infection through approved standard test. This will also be available to their sexual partner.

The Back Howard, Director RPSGB’s for England, said: “Pharmacists are already played important role in ensuring the sexual services of health and will do so for many years. Reclassifying azithromycin Enlarges on existing services and perfects the access to chlamydia screening and processing for patient.

“Factors to infections Chlamydia enlarge, particularly in under 25 age. The Development suiting sexual services of health for this groups must end the higher rateses of the finding sexual sent infection and perfected privity of importance practising safe sex.”

The Royal Pharmaceutical Society to Big Great britain is professional and plenipotentiary body for pharmacist in England, Scotlands and Wales. This also adjusts the technician of the drugstore on voluntary base, which is expected that will become authorized under expected by legislation. The Primary purposes Society must lead, adjust, develop and present the profession of the drugstore. The Society leads and supports the development to professions within context of the public profit. This includes moving the science, practical persons, formation and knowledges in drugstore. Besides, this promotes the policies to professions and type in external go-between in ensemble other forum. Follows the publication on 2007 State White Paper Confidences, Warranties and Safety - a Regulation Professional Health in 21-e Century, Society lays to demerger their own plenipotentiary and professional roles. This will see making the new General Pharmaceutical Advice and new professional body for drugstore in 2010.

The Pharmacists - amongst the most available healthcare professional. The Study has shown that extensive majority of the public has a light access to drugstore: 99% populations can reach the public drugstore by car, passing or public transport within 20 minutes.

The radiation oncology community quickly embraced this statement and adopted this definition. Since its near universal adoption within the radiation oncology community, several points have remained controversial. To counter these arguments, several groups correlated this definition of biochemical failure with clinical outcome demonstrating the robustness of this definition. Some advocated an absolute posttreatment PSA nadir instead of PSA trend to assess bNED control, 31 although this approach is not widely accepted.

Others pointed out the difficulties introduced with backdating the DOF and suggested alternative definitions. However, in the end, it is not just PSA which predicts tumor control. The most important factors which consistently predict bNED control rates on multivariate analysis are pretreatment PSA, T Stage, Gleason score and radiation dose. Based on these variables, patients can be divided into prognostic groups that can be used to predict outcome as well as direct treatment. At Fox Chase, risk groups are defined as follows. Low risk group patients include those with PSA ≤10 ng/ml, Gleason score 2-6 and T1c/T2a disease. The high risk group consists of patients with Gleason score 8-10, PSA >20 ng/ml or T3/T4 disease. Intermediate risk patients are with PSA >10 ng/ml or Gleason score 7 or T2b/T2c disease. As our data has matured, the presence of perineural invasion is no longer an independent risk factor. Conventional RT results A direct comparison of results for older series of patients treated with conventional doses of radiation from the PSA era is difficult due to differing definitions of bNED control, unequal distribution of critical prognostic factors between series, and varying lengths of followup. However, as pre treatment PSA levels increase, rates of bNED control consistently decrease for institutions using conventional doses of RT.24, 25, 41 bNED control for 1 044 men with stage T1-T4 prostate cancer treated at Massachusetts General Hospital was reported by Zietman et al. Five hundred and four men had T1-T2 disease and had rates of bNED control at 5 and 10 years of 60% and 40%, respectively.

For the 540 men with stage T3-T4 disease treated with conventional doses of radiation, bNED control rates at 5 and 10 years were 32% and 10%, respectively. Similar results were reported by Horwitz et al. for 480 patients treated with conventional doses of ra- diation at William Beaumont Hospital. The 5- year rate of bNED control ranged from approximately 80% for T1 disease to 25% for patients with T3 disease. Identical trends in outcome were observed when patients were stratified by pretreatment PSA and Gleason score. As pre-treatment PSA and Gleason score increased, bNED control decreased.24 At the Cleveland Clinic Keyser et al.42 reported the results for a group of patients with T1 and T2 disease treated with EBRT or prostatectomy.

The 607 patients in this series all had pretreatment PSA levels ≤10 ng/ml and T1 or T2 disease. For the 253 patients treat- ed with conventional doses of radiation, bNED control rates stratified by pretreatment PSA <4 or between 4-10 ng/ml were 100% and 65%, respectively. No statistically significant different rate of bNED control was observed between the radiation and surgery groups. 3D conformal and IMRT results Results of treatment with 3DCRT with longterm (8-10 years) PSA followup are available and demonstrate superior bNED control rates using this technique compared with conventional techniques.

Because higher doses of radiation can be delivered to the prostate using 3DCRT (without substantially higher rates of normal tissue complications), evidence indicates that bNED control rates are significantly improved. Long-term data from institutions including FCCC, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), the Cleveland Clinic and MDACC show increased rates of bNED control, especially for patients with pretreatment PSA levels >10 ng/ml (Table I 43-45 and Figures 7, 8).5, 18, 46, 47 In 1999, the results using EBRT alone in 1 765 men with T1 and T2 prostate cancer from 6 institutions was summarized and reported. The biochemical durability of RT as well as the effect of prognostic factors on outcome was described.48 As a follow up to this experience, 9 institutions pooled data on nearly 5 000 patients treated with EBRT alone between 1986 and 1995 with a median follow-up of more than 6 years. The results of this collaborative effort were first reported at the 44 Annual Meeting of ASTRO in November 2002.